אומגה 3

המקורות הטובים ביותר לחומצות שומן חיוניות מסוג אומגה 3 הינם דגי מים קרים. 

קיימים מספר מקורות צמחיים אשר מכילים את חומצת השומן ALA אך הפיכתה לחומצות שומן EPA ו- DHA הינה מוגבלת (5-10%), תלויה ברמות תקינות של מגנזיום, אבץ וטסטוסטרון ובגנים מסוימים ולכן, בדרך כלל אינה מספקת את הכמויות הנדרשות לגוף.

מקורות מן הצומח: זרעי/שמן פשתן, שמן/אגוזי מלך, אגוזים אחרים ושקדים, מרווה, תרד, אצות, עלי ריג'לה. 

מקורות מן החי: בעיקר דגי ים (מי ים עמוקים, ים צפוני) כגון סרדינים, סלמון, הרינג (מטיאס), טונה, מקרל, פורל, הליבוט, סול. 

בשר בקר אשר ניזון מעשבים גם כן עשוי להכיל כמויות מסוימות של אומגה 3. כמו כן, קיימים מזונות כגון ביצים ומוצרי חלב אשר מועשרים בחומצות שומן חיוניות מסוג אומגה 3.

תפקידן של חומצות שומן חיוניות מסוג אומגה 3:

• חיוניות לבנייה תקינה של קרומי התאים ולשמירה על חדירותם וגמישותם.
• מפחיתות תנגודת לאינסולין.
• משמשות חומר מוצא לאיקוסנואידים.
• משמשות מקור לאנרגיה.
• מונעות היווצרות תהליכים דלקתיים.
• מעכבות היצמדות טסיות דם.
• מפחיתות רמות שומנים בדם ומונע חמצון של כולסטרול.
• חיוניות לתפקוד תקין של המוח ושל מערכות העצבים והחיסון.

 

תכונות נוספות של חומצות שומן חיוניות מסוג אומגה 3:

חומצות שומן חיוניות עלולות להיהרס בחום וחשיפה לאור ולכן חשוב לשמור תוספים של אומגה 3 במקום חשוך וקר.

 

גורמים לחוסר בחומצות שומן חיוניות מסוג אומגה 3:

• תזונה דלה בחומצות שומן חיוניות מהווה את הגורם העיקרי למחסור באומגה 3.

• אנשים אשר אינם צורכים מספיק מזונות המכילים אומגה 3 (מהצומח או מהחי), עלולים לסבול ממחסור בחומצות שומן חיוניות.

• אנשים הניזונים רק ממזונות מן הצומח תלויים בהפיכת חומצת השומן ALA לחומצות שומן EPA ו-DHA. לכן, בעיקר אצל אנשים צמחוניים או טבעונים קיים צורך להשלמה תזונתית של חומצות שומן חיוניות מסוג אומגה 3 בתוסף תזונה.

• מחסור במגנזיום, אבץ וטסטוסטרון או פגם גנטי מסוים עלול להפחית המרה זו ולגרום למחסור בחומצות שומן חיוניות.

 

הפרעות ותסמינים הנגרמים עקב חוסר בחומצות שומן חיוניות מסוג אומגה 3:

מחסור בחומצות שומן חיוניות עשוי להתבטא בהפרעות שונות במערכות בגוף ולכלול:

• מערכת לב וכלי דם – היווצרות קרישי דם, כיווץ לב לא תקין ועוד.
• מערכת העצבים – פגיעה בפעילות העצבית המתבטאת בהפרעות כגון דיכאון, מצבי רוח, חרדות, הפרעות קשב וריכוז, היפראקטיביות, אלצהיימר ועוד.
• מערכת רבייה – הפרעות בפוריות, תסמונת קדם וסתית, אי סדירות מחזור, כאבי מחזור ועוד.
• מערכת העור – הפרעות שונות כגון עור יבש, פצעי בגרות, פסוריאזיס, סבוריאה ועוד.
• שינויים במבנה התאים – חוסר גמישות של מעטפת התאים אשר עלולה לשבש את פעילות התאית וליצור הפרעות כגון תנגודת לאינסולין.
• תינוקות - תינוקות שלא הוזנו במהלך ההריון וההנקה בכמויות מספקות של חומצות שומן חיוניות ובעיקר DHA הינם בעלי סיכון מוגבר להפרעות בהתפתחות מערכת העצבים והמוח (כגון ראייה, הפרעות קוגניטיביות והתנהגותיות ועוד).

עודף של חומצות שומן חיוניות מסוג אומגה 3 (רעילות):

לא דווח על רעילות כתוצאה מנטילה מוגזמת של אומגה 3.

בעת נטילת תוסף של אומגה 3 עלולות להופיע תופעות לוואי כגון טעם לוואי של דגים העולה מן הקיבה, בחילות, צואה רכה ודימום קל מהאף.

גם צריכת כמויות גבוהות של חומצות שומן חיוניות (15 גרם ביום) לאורך זמן הינן תקינות. במקרה של עודף חומצות שומן הגוף מנצל אותן ליצירת אנרגיה.

קיים חשש לנוכחות מתכות רעילות בדגים ובתכשירי אומגה 3 המופקים מהם. בבדיקות שנערכו לתכשירים הנמכרים ביותר בישראל לא נמצאו רמות משמעותיות של מתכות רעילות.

בנוסף, קיים חשש סביר כי תוספים המופקים משמן דגים יגיעו למדפי החנויות כשהם כבר מחומצנים. לכן, רצוי לצרוך מוצרים מחברות אמינות בלבד^6,7.

בכל מקרה, רצוי להתייעץ עם איש מקצוע באשר לאיכות התוספים.

 

מינון יומי מומלץ של אומגה 3 על פי ה- (RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance:

לפי מסמך העמדה להמלצות תזונתיות למניעת מחלות קרדיווסקולריות (האיגוד הקרדיולוגי בישראל, 2015),

תוספי אומגה 3 הוכרו כ"בטוחים בדרך-כלל״ (GRAS) על-ידי ה-FDA, במינונים יומיים של עד 3 גרם (EPA+DHA).

להלן מינוני RDA בהתאם לגיל ומין⁸, לפי המכון אמריקני לרפואה (IOM):

 

ילדים:

0-12 חודשים: 0.5 גרם ביום.

1-3 שנים: 0.7 גרם ביום.

4-8 שנים: 0.9 גרם ביום.

 

גברים:

9-13 שנים: 1.2 גרם ביום.

14 שנים ומעלה: 1.6 גרם ביום.

 

נשים:

9-13 שנים: 1.0 גרם ביום.

14 שנים ומעלה: 1.1 גרם ביום.

בהריון: 1.4 גרם ביום.

בהנקה: 1.3 גרם ביום.

 

 

טווח מינון לטיפול בחוסר חומצות שומן חיוניות מסוג אומגה 3:

טווח המינון הטיפולי של אומגה 3 משתנה בהתאם למצבו של המטופל.

לדוגמא למניעה או טיפול במחלות לב וכלי דם יש ליטול 1 גרם אומגה 3 ביום ולטיפול ברמות שומנים גבוהות בדם יש ליטול 2-4 גרם ביום.

קיימת חשיבות גם ליחס בין EPA ל-DHA בכל כמוסה. היחס הנפוץ הינו 3:2 לטובת EPA.

המינון המרבי עומד על 54 מ"ג של EPA ביום לכל ק"ג ו- 36 מ"ג של DHA ביום לכל ק"ג.

המינון המירבי של ALA עומד על 1.3-3 גרם ליום ולעתים אף יותר מכך.

נטילת תוסף אומגה 3 משמשת למגוון רחב של מחלות, לדוגמא: הפרעות קשב וריכוז, דיכאון, שינויים במצב הרוח, אלצהיימר, דמנציה, פרקינסון, תסמונת קדם וסתית, אי פריון, כאבי מחזור, יתר לחץ דם, מחלות לב, עודף שומנים בדם, אלרגיות, אקנה, סבוריאה, אקזמה, פסוריאזיס, מחלות אוטואימוניות (חיסון עצמי) ועוד.

 

אזהרות וצעדי מנע

נטילה לפני/במקביל להליכים כירורגיים

יש לנקוט זהירות בעת נטילה בסמוך/במקביל להליכים כירורגיים.

בספרות מובעים חששות לגבי נטילת אומגה 3 בסמיכות להליכים כירורגיים עקב תכונותיה מדללות הדם אשר עלולות להגביר דימומים. חששות אלו הינם ברובם תיאורטיים.

בסקירה שיטתית, שנערכה בשנת 2017, נבדקה ההשפעה של תוספי שמן דגים על הסיכון לדימום בקרב משתתפים לקראת ניתוח. כפי שציינו, גם במחקר, החוקרים מסבירים כי שמן דגים עלול לעכב תהליכי אגרגרציה של טסיות הדם ובכך להגביר את הסיכון לדימום.

בסקירה נכללו רק מחקרים מבוקרים בהם 20 משתתפים לפחות; 32 מחקרים בדקו את ההשפעה של תוספי שמן דגים על הסיכון לדימום בקרב משתתפים בריאים ו-20 מחקרים בהם נכללו משתתפים העוברים ניתוח או הליך פולשני אחר. באופן כללי, נמצא כי תוספי שמן דגים הפחיתו תהליכי המוסטזיס (עצירת דימום באמצעות תהליכים פיזיולוגיים של קרישת דם וכיווץ כלי דם) בקרב משתתפים בריאים, אולם לא הגבירו את הסיכון לדימום במהלך או לאחר ניתוח.

על סמך ממצאים אלה החוקרים מסכמים כי לא נמצאה תמיכה לכך שיש להפסיק נטילת תוספי שמן דגים לפני ניתוח, אולם דרושים מחקרים נוספים בנושא. 

 

תגובות הדדיות עם תרופות / צמחי מרפא / תוספי תזונה

נוגדי קרישה ומעכבי צימות טסיות | הורדת לחץ דָם | מדכאי חיסון להשתלת איברים | התרופה Cyclosporine | הורדת רמות סוכר | סטטינים | פיברטים | NSAIDs | מעכבי ליפאז |  אנטי-ראומטיות | אנטי-פסיכוטי | נוגדי דִיכאון  | מייצבי מצב רוח | מעכבי אצטילכוֹלין אסטראז | הפרעות קצב | אנטי-אפילפטי | יוד | אנטיביוטיקה | אנטיביוטיקה לטיפול בסִיסטיק פיברוזיס | סטרואידים ו-Rifaximin לטיפול באי ספיקת כבד חריפה | ריטלין (Methylphenidate) | 

תרופות למחלת הסרְטן

כימותרפיה | התרופה Ibrutinib | מעכבי ארומטאז | רדיותרפיה

 

צמחי מרפא ותוספי תזונה

גִ'ינסנג קוריאני (Panax gineseng) | וִיטמין D

 

המידע על האינטראקציות זמין למנויי האתר בלבד. לרכישת מנוי לחצו כאן.

 

הריון והנקה

אומגה 3 נחשבת בטוחה לשימוש בהריון והנקה.

סקירה משנת 2008 בחנה את העדות המדעית לתפקידן של חומצות שומן רב בלתי רוויות ארוכות שרשרת וחומצות שומן מסוג DHA ו-ARA

בהזנת תינוקות ובהתפתחותם. על פי ארגונים כמו האיגוד העולמי לרפואת טרום לידה והאקדמיה לתזונה והמוסד לבריאות הילד,

על העובר והולד לקבל את חומצות השומן הארוכות בכמויות המספיקות לתמיכה אופטימלית בהתפתחות קוגניטיבית וויזואלית.

צריכה של שמנים עשירים באומגה 3 במהלך ההריון מפחיתים את הסיכון ללידה מוקדמת.

על נשים בהריון ומניקות לצרוך לפחות 200 מ"ג DHA ביום.

אם הנקה אינה אפשרית, מומלץ להאכיל את התינוק בפורמולות המכילות רמות DHA של בין 0.2 ל- 0.5 אחוז מכלל משקל השומן

ובכמות מינימלית של ARA השווה ל-DHA. יש להמשיך לספק חומצות שומן רב בלתי רוויות ארוכות לאחר חצי השנה הראשונה לחיים²¹.

 

מחקרים על אומגה 3:

 

כללי | השפעה על מערכת הלב וכלי הדם | מערכת העצבים, תפקוד קוגניטיבי ובריאות הנפש | עור | מאזן שומנים וסוכר | גידולים סרטניים | ראייה

מקורות:

 

מקורות כלליים

 

 

Stargrove M B, Treasure J, McKee D. L, Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions, Elsevier, 2008. pp 783-806.

www.naturaldatabase.com – Omega 3. found at - http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/nd/Search.aspx?cs=NONMP&s=ND&pt=100&id=993&ds=&name=Omega+3+(FISH+OIL)&searchid=30853101

אודי בר, יפה שיר-רז, "המדריך הישראלי השלם לתוספי תזונה", כתר ספרים, 2005

www. Naturalstandard.com – Omega 3. found at - http://naturalstandard.com/databases/herbssupplements/fishoil.asp

מוריי מייקל ט., פיז'ורנו ג'וזף א., "אנציקלופדיה לרפואה טבעית", אור-עם, 1995

U.S. Institutes Of Health – Office Of Dietary Supplements – RDA tables. found at - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/calcium.html

.National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board
DRI table for DRI tables for recommended dietary allowances (RDA). found at -  http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Nutrition/SummaryDRIs/DRI-Tables.aspx

Patrick Holford, "Special Report: Supplements – Optimum Daily Allowances". found at - http://www.patrickholford.com/index.php/advice/betterhealtharticle/138

 

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