גדילן מצוי - Silybum marianum

מקורות

1. Barzaghi, N., Crema, F., Gatti, G., Pifferi, G., and Perucca, E. , "Pharmacokinetic studies on IdB 1016, a silybin- phosphatidylcholine complex, in healthy human subjects. ," Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1990;15(4):333-338..
2. Geier J, Fuchs T, and Wahl R., "Anaphylactic shock due to an extract of Silybum marianum in a patient with immediate-type allergy to kiwi fruit. ," Allergologie 1990;13(10):387-388.
3. Mironets VI, Krasovskaia EA, and Polishchuk II. , "A case of urticaria during Carsil treatment.," Vrach Delo 1990;7:86-87.
4. Blumenthal M, et al, eds: , "The complete German commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines, Austin, 1998, ," American Botanical Council, pp 169-170.
5. Jacobs BP, Dennehy C, Ramirez G, et al:, Am J Med 113:506-515,2002.
6. Pares, A., Planas, R., Torres, M., Caballeria, J., Viver, J. M., Acero, D., Panes, J., Rigau, J., Santos, J., and Rodes, J. , "Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver: results of a controlled, double-blind, randomized and multicenter trial.," J Hepatol. 1998;28(4):615-621.
7. ADRAC - Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee. , "An adverse reaction to the herbal medication milk thistle (Silybum marianum). ," Med J Aust. 3-1-1999;170(5):218-219.
8. Duthie SJ, Johnson W Dobson VL: Mutat Res 390: 141-151, 1997.,.
9. Hahn G, Lehmann HD, Kurten M, et al: Arzneim-Forsch 18:698-704, 1968.,.
10. Stargrove MB, Treasure J, McKee DL. , "Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions.," Elsevier. (2008).
11. Velussi M, Cernigoi AM, De Monte A et al. , "Long-term (12 months) treatment with an anti-oxidant drug (silymarin) is effective on hyperinsulinemia, exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde levels in cirrhotic diabetic patients. ," J Hepatol 1997;26:871-87.
12. Huseini HF, Larijani B, Heshmat R, et al. , "The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. ," Phytother. Res.,20:1036-1039, 2006.
13. Soto, C. P., Perez, B. L., Favari, L. P., and Reyes, J. L. , "Prevention of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in the rat by silymarin. Comp Biochem Physiol C.Pharmacol Toxicol.," Endocrinol. 1998;119(2):125-129.
14. Soto C, Recoba R, Barron H et al. , "Silymarin increases antioxidant enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetes in rat pancreas. ," Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003;136:205-212.
15. Soto C, Mena R, Luna J et al. , "Silymarin induces recovery of pancreatic function after alloxan damage in rats. ," Life Sci 2004;75:2167-2180.
16. Rajnarayana K, Reddy MS, Vidyasagar J, Krishna DR. , "Study on the influence of silymarin pretreatment on metabolism and disposition of metronidazole. ," Arzneimittelforschung 2004;54:109-113.
17. Chon S-K, Kim N-S. , "Evaluation of silymarin in the treatment on asymptomatic Giardiainfections in dogs.," Parasitol Res 2005;97:445-451.
18. Bokemeyer, C., Fels, L. M., Dunn, T., Voigt, W., Gaedeke, J., Schmoll, H. J., Stolte, H., and Lentzen, H., "Silibinin protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity without compromising cisplatin or ifosfamide anti-tumour activity.," Br J Cancer 1996;74(12):2036-2041.
19. Gaedeke, J., Fels, L. M., Bokemeyer, C., Mengs, U., Stolte, H., and Lentzen, H. , "Cisplatin nephrotoxicity and protection by silibinin. ," Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 1996;11(1):55-62.
20. Scambia G, De Vincenzo R, Ranelletti FO et al. , "Antiproliferative effect of silybin on gynaecological malignancies: synergism with cisplatin and doxorubicin.," Eur J Cancer 1996;32A:877-882.
21. Giacomelli S, Gallo D, Apollonio P et al. , "Silybin and its bioavailable phospholipid complex (IdB 1016) potentiate in vitro and in vivo the activity of cisplatin.," Life Sci 2002;70:1447-1459..
22. Dhanalakshmi S, Agarwal P, Glode LM, Agarwal R. , "Silibinin sensitizes human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to cisplatin- and carboplatin-induced growth inhibition and apoptotic death.," Int J Cancer 2003;106:699-705.
23. Chlopcikova S, Psotova J, Miketova P, Simanek V. , "Chemoprotective effect of plant phenolics against anthracycline-induced toxicity on rat cardiomyocytes. Part I. Silymarin and its flavonolignans.," Phytother Res 2004;18:107-110.
24. Psotova J, Chlopcikova S, Grambal F et al. , "Influence of silymarin and its flavonolignans on doxorubicin-iron induced lipid peroxidation in rat heart microsomes and mitochondria in comparison with quercetin. ," Phytother Res 2002;16 Suppl 1:S63-67.
25. Tyagi AK, Singh RP, Agarwal C et al. , "Silibinin strongly synergizes human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to doxorubicin-induced growth inhibition, G2-M arrest, and apoptosis. ," Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:3512-3519.
26. Zhang S, Morris ME. , "Effects of the flavonoids biochanin A, morin, phloretin, and silymarin on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport.," J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;304:1258-1267.
27. Mills. S, Bone K, The Essential Guide to Herbal Safety. Churchill Livingstone, 2005,.
28. WHO. Fructus Silybi Mariae. , "WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. 2 vol.," Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004:300-316.
29. Reyes H and Simon FR. , "Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: An estrogen-related disease. ," Sem Liver Dis 1993;13:289-301.
30. Giannola, C., Buogo, F., Forestiere, G., Scaffidi, L., Ferrigno, V., and Scaffidi, A., "A two-center study on the effects of silymarin in pregnant women and adult patients with so-called minor hepatic insufficiency. ," Clin Ter. 7-31-1985;114(2):129-135.
31. Brinker F. , "Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions, 3rd ed. ," Sandy (OR): Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.
32. Zima, T., Kamenikova, L., Janebova, M., Buchar, E., Crkovska, J., and Tesar, V. , "The effect of silibinin on experimental cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. ," Ren Fail. 1998;20(3):471-479.
33. Kittur, S., Wilasrusmee, S., Pedersen, W. A., Mattson, M. P., Straube-West, K., Wilasrusmee, C., Lubelt, B., and Kittur, D. S. , "Neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on neurons in culture. ," J Mol.Neurosci. 2002;18(3):265-269.
34. Raina, K., Rajamanickam, S., Singh, R. P., Deep, G., Chittezhath, M., and Agarwal, R. , "Stage-specific inhibitory effects and associated mechanisms of silibinin on tumor progression and metastasis in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model," Cancer Res 8-15-2008;68(16):6822-6830.
35. Mokhtari, M. J., Motamed, N., and Shokrgozar, M. A. , "Evaluation of silibinin on the viability, migration and adhesion of the human prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) cell line.," Cell Biol Int 2008;32(8):888-892.
36. Magliulo E, Gagliardi B, Fiori GP. , "Results of a double blind study on the effect of silymarin in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis, carried out at two medical centres. ," Med Klin 1978; 73:1060-5.
37. Bode JC, Schmidt U, Durr HK. , "Silymarin for the treatment of acute viral hepatitis? Report of a controlled trial. ," Med Klin 1977; 72(12): 513–518.
38. Kiesewetter E et al. , "Ergebnisse zweier Doppelblindstudien zur Wirksamkeit von Silymarin bei chronischer Hepatitis.," Leber, Magen, Darm, 1977, 7:318–323.
39. Buzzelli G, Moscarella S, Giusti A, Duchini A, Marena C, Lampertico M. , "A pilot study on the liver protective effect of silybin- phosphatidylcholine complex (IdB1016) in chronic active hepatitis.," Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1993; 31:456-60.
40. Marcelli R, Bizzoni P, Conte D, and et al. , "Randomized controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of a short course of IdB 1016 in the treatment of chronic persistent hepatitis. ," Eur Bull Drug Res 1992;1(3):131-135.
41. Lang I, Nekam, K., Gonzalez-Cabello, R., Gergely, P., Feher, J. , "Hepatoprotective and immunolical effects of antioxidant drugs. ," Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1990; 15:123-127.
42. Feher J, Deak G, Muzes G, Lang I, Niederland V, Nekam K, et al. , "Liver-protective action of silymarin therapy in chronic alcoholic liver diseases. ," Orv Hetil 1989; 130:2723-7.
43. Lang I, Deak G, Nekam K, Muzes G, Gonzalez-Cabello R, Gergely P, et al. , "Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects of antioxidant therapy. ," Acta Med Hung 1988; 45:287-95.
44. Salmi HA, Sarna, S. , "Effect of silymarin on chemical, functional, and morphological alterations of the liver: A double-blind controlled study. ," Scand J Gastroenterol 198217:517-521.
45. Ferenci P, Dragosics, B., Dittrich, H., Benda, L., Lochs, H., Meryn, S., Base, W., Schneider, B. , "Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.," Journal of Hepatology 1989; 9:105-113.
46. Bunout D, Hirsch S, Petermann M, de la Maza MP, Silva G, Kelly M, et al., "Controlled study of the effect of silymarin on alcoholic liver disease. ," Rev Med Chil 1992; 120:1370-5.
47. Trinchet JC, Coste T, Levy VG, Vivet F, Duchatelle V, Legendre C, et al. , "Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with silymarin. A double-blind comparative study in 116 patients. ," Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1989; 13:120-4.
48. Muriel P, Mourelle, M. , "Prevention by silymarin of membrane alterations in acute CCL4 liver damage. ," J Appl Toxicol 1990; 10:275-279.
49. Floersheim G. , "Treatment of human amatoxin mushroom poisoning: myths and advances in therapy. ," Medical Toxicology 1987; 2:1-9.
50. Parish RC, Doering PL. , "Treatment of Amanita mushroom poisoning: a review. ," Vet Hum Toxicol 1986; 28:318-22.
51. Floersheim GL. , "Therapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning. ," Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1983:108:868-70.
52. Floersheim GL, Weber, O., Tschumi, P. et al. , "Clinical death-cap (Amanita Phalloides) poisoning: Prognostic factors and therapeutic measures. Analysis of 250 cases. ," Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1982; 112:1164-1177.
53. Nassuato G, Iemmolo, R.M., Strazzabosco, M., Lirussi, F., Deana, R., Francesconi, M.A., Muraca, M., Passera, D., Fragasso, A., Orlando, R., Csomos, G., Okolicsanyi, L. , "Effect of Silibinin on biliary lipid composition experimental and clinical study. ," Journal of Hepatology 1991; 12:290-295.
54. Schriewer, H. and Rauen, H. M. , "The effect of silybin dihemisuccinate on cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver homogenates (author's transl). ," Arzneimittelforschung. 1977;27(9):1691-1694..
55. Skottova N, Krecman V. , "Silymarin as a potential hypocholesterolaemic drug. ," Physiol Res 1998; 47:1-7.
56. Wallace, S., Vaughn, K., Stewart, B. W., Viswanathan, T., Clausen, E., Nagarajan, S., and Carrier, D. J. , "Milk thistle extracts inhibit the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and subsequent scavenger receptor-dependent monocyte adhesion.," J Agric Food Chem 6-11-2008;56(11):3966-3972.
57. Somogyi A, Ecsedi GG, Blazovics A, Miskolczi K, Gergely P, Feher J. , "Short term treatment of type II hyperlipoproteinaemia with silymarin. ," Acta Med Hung 1989; 46:289-95.
58. Velussi M, Cernigoi, A.M., Viezzoli, L., Dapas, F., Caffau, C., Zilli, M. , "Silymarin reduces hyperinsulinemia, malondialdehyde levels, and daily insulin needs in cirrhotic diabetic patients. ," Current Therapeutic Research 1993; 53:533-545.
59. Rastegar H, Ahmadi Ashtiani H, Anjarani S, Bokaee S, Khaki A, Javadi L. , "The role of milk thistle extract in breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) apoptosis with doxorubicin. ," Acta Med Iran. 2013;51:591-598.
60. Sadava D, Kane SE. , "Silibinin reverses drug resistance in human small-cell lung carcinoma cells. ," Cancer Lett. 2013;339:102-106.
61. Gufford BT, Barr JT, González-Pérez V, Layton ME, White JR, Oberlies NH, Paine MF. , "Quantitative prediction and clinical evaluation of an unexplored herb-drug interaction mechanism in healthy volunteers. ," CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2015 Dec;4(12):701-10. Epub 2015 Nov 28.
62. Yang Z Zhuang L, Lu Y, Xu Q, Chen X., "Effects and tolerance of silymarin (milk thistle) in chronic hepatitis C virus infection patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.," Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:941085.
63. Gufford BT, Chen G, Vergara AG, Lazarus P, Oberlies NH, Paine MF. , "Milk Thistle Constituents Inhibit Raloxifene Intestinal Glucuronidation: A Potential Clinically Relevant Natural Product-Drug Interaction. ," Drug Metab Dispos. 2015 Sep;43(9):1353-9.
64. Rastegarpanah M, et al. , "A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of silymarin in ulcerative colitis. ," Chin J Integr Med. 2015 Dec;21(12):902-6. Epub 2012 Apr 11.
65. Wanwimolruk S, Prachayasittikul V. , "Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (Part 1). ".
66. Fuhr, U.; Beckmann-Knopp, S.; Jetter, A.; Luck, H.; Mengs, U., "The effect of silymarin on oral nifedipine pharmacokinetics. ," Planta Med., 2007, 73(14), 1429-1435.
67. van Erp, N. P.; Baker, S. D.; Zhao, M.; Rudek, M. A.; Guchelaar, H. J.; Nortier, J. W.; Sparreboom, A.; Gelderblom, H. , "Effect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan. ," Clin. Cancer Res., 2005, 11(21), 7800-7806.
68. Mills, E.; Wilson, K.; Clarke, M.; Foster, B.; Walker, S.; Rachlis, B.; DeGroot, N.; Montori, V. M.; Gold, W.; Phillips, E.; Myers, S.; Gallicano, K. , "Milk thistle and indinavir: a randomized controlled pharmacokinetics study and meta-analysis. ," Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2005, 61(1), 1-7.
69. Deng, J. W.; Shon, J. H.; Shin, H. J.; Park, S. J.; Yeo, C. W.; Zhou, H. H.; Song, I. S.; Shin, J. G. , "Effect of silymarin supplement on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. ," Pharm. Res., 2008, 25(8), 1807- 1814.
70. Gurley, B. J.; Swain, A.; Hubbard, M. A.; Williams, D. K.; Barone, G.; Hartsfield, F.; Tong, Y.; Carrier, D. J.; Cheboyina, S.; Battu, S. K. , "Clinical assessment of CYP2D6-mediated herb-drug interactions in humans: effects of milk thistle, black cohosh, goldenseal, kava kava, St. John's wort, and Echinacea.," Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 2008, 52(7), 755-763.
71. Rao, B. N.; Srinivas, M.; Kumar, Y. S.; Rao, Y. M. , "Effect of silymarin on the oral bioavailability of ranitidine in healthy human volunteers. Drug Metabol.," Drug Interact., 2007, 22(2-3), 175-185.
72. Gurley, B.; Hubbard, M. A.; Williams, D. K.; Thaden, J.; Tong, Y.; Gentry, W. B.; Breen, P.; Carrier, D. J.; Cheboyina, S. , "Assessing the clinical significance of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 3A activity: comparison of a milk thistle and black cohosh product to rifampin and clarithromycin.," J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2006, 46(2), 201-213.
73. Gurley, B. J.; Gardner, S. F.; Hubbard, M. A.; Williams, D. K.; Gentry, W. B.; Carrier, J.; Khan, I. A.; Edwards, D. J.; Shah, A., "In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto.," Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 76(5), 428-440.
74. Han, Y.; Guo, D.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Y.; Tan, Z. R.; Zhou, H. H. , "Effect of silymarin on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite E-3174 in healthy Chinese volunteers. ," Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2009, 65(6), 585-591.
75. Rajnarayana, K.; Reddy, M. S.; Vidyasagar, J.; Krishna, D. R. , "Study on the influence of silymarin pretreatment on metabolism and disposition of metronidazole.," Arzneimittelforschung, 2004, 54(2), 109-113.
76. Chang JC, Wu YT, Lee WC, et al. (2009). , "Herb–drug interaction of silymarin or silibinin on the pharmacokinetics of trazodone in rats. ," Chem Biol Interact 182:227–232.
77. Zhang S, Pan H, Peng X, Lu H, Fan H, Zheng X, Xu G, Wang M, Wang J. , "Preventive use of a hepatoprotectant against anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury: A randomized controlled trial.".
78. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26243373,.
79. Mooiman KD, Goey AK, Huijbregts TJ, Maas-Bakker RF, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH, Meijerman I. , "The in-vitro effect of complementary and alternative medicines on cytochrome P450 2C9 activity.," J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014 Sep;66(9):1339-46..
80. Budzinski JW, Trudeau VL, Drouin CE, Panahi M, Arnason JT, Foster BC., "Modulation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in Caco-2 cell monolayers by selected commercial-source milk thistle and goldenseal products. ," Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007 Sep; 85(9):966-78.
81. Etheridge AS, Black SR, Patel PR, So J, Mathews JM. , "An in vitro evaluation of cytochrome P450 inhibition and P-glycoprotein interaction with goldenseal, Ginkgo biloba, grape seed, milk thistle, and ginseng extracts and their constituents.," Planta Med. 2007 Jul; 73(8):731-41.
82. Venkataramanan R, Ramachandran V, Komoroski BJ, Zhang S, Schiff PL, Strom SC. , "Milk thistle, a herbal supplement, decreases the activity of CYP3A4 and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase in human hepatocyte cultures. ," Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Nov; 28(11):1270-3.
83. Di Pierro F, Callegari A, Carotenuto D, Tapia MM. , "Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of BIO-C (micronized silymarin) as a galactagogue.," Acta Biomed. 2008;79(3):205-210.
84. Veprikova Z, Zachariasova M1, Dzuman Z, Zachariasova A, Fenclova M, Slavikova P, Vaclavikova M, Mastovska K, Hengst D, Hajslova J., "Mycotoxins in Plant-Based Dietary Supplements: Hidden Health Risk for Consumers.," J Agric Food Chem. 2015 Jul 29;63(29):6633-43.
85. Tournas VH, Sapp C, Trucksess MW., "Occurrence of aflatoxins in milk thistle herbal supplements.," Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2012;29(6):994-9.
86. Tournas VH, Rivera Calo J, Sapp C., "Fungal profiles in various milk thistle botanicals from US retail.," Int J Food Microbiol. 2013 Jun 3;164(1):87-91.
87. Brantley SJ, Graf TN, Oberlies NH, Paine MF. , "A systematic approach to evaluate herb-drug interaction mechanisms: investigation of milk thistle extracts and eight isolated constituents as CYP3A inhibitors.," Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Sep;41(9):1662-70..
88. Wang X, Zhu HJ, Munoz J, Gurley BJ, Markowitz JS. , "An ex vivo approach to botanical-drug interactions: a proof of concept study. ," J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Apr 2;163:149-56..
89. Liao S, Jin X, Li J, Zhang T, Zhang W, Shi W, Fan S, Wang X, Wang J, Zhong B, Zhang Z., "Effects of Silymarin, Glycyrrhizin, and Oxymatrine on the Pharmacokinetics of Ribavirin and Its Major Metabolite in Rats.," Phytother Res. 2016 Apr;30(4):618-26.
90. Cufí S, Bonavia R, Vazquez-Martin A, Corominas-Faja B, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Cuyàs E, Martin-Castillo B, Barrajón-Catalán E, Visa J, Segura-Carretero A, Bosch-Barrera J, Joven J, Micol V, Menendez JA., "Silibinin meglumine, a water-soluble form of milk thistle silymarin, is an orally active anti-cancer agent that impedes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells.," Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Oct;60:360-8..
91. Giorgi VS, Peracoli MT, Peracoli JC, Witkin SS, Bannwart-Castro CF. , "Silibinin modulates the NF-κb pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by mononuclear cells from preeclamptic women.," J Reprod Immunol. 2012 Sep;95(1-2):67-72.
92. Moreland N, La Grange L, Montoya R. (2002) , Impact of in utero exposure to EtOH on corpus callosum development and paw preference in rats: protective effects of silymarin.., BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2, 10.
93. Neese S, La Grange L, Trujillo E, Romero D. (2004), The effects of ethanol and silymarin treatment during gestation on spatial working memory.., BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4, 4..
94. Capasso R, Aviello G, Capasso F, Savino F, Izzo AA, Lembo F, Borrelli F. (2004) , Silymarin BIO-C®, an extract from Silybum marianum fruits, induces hyperprolactinemia in intact female rats.., Phytomedicine, 16, 839-844.
95. El-Kamary SS, Shardell MD, Abdel-Hamid M, Ismail S, El-Ateek M, Metwally M, Mikhail N, Hashem M, Mousa A, Aboul-Fotouh A, El-Kassas M, Esmat G, Strickland GT, "A randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of silymarin on symptoms, signs and biomarkers of acute hepatitis. ," Phytomedicine. 2009 May;16(5):391-400.
96. Wei F, Liu SK, Liu XY, Li ZJ, Li B, Zhou YL, Zhang HY, Li YW., "Meta-analysis: silymarin and its combination therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.," Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013 May;32(5):657-69.
97. Fried MW, Navarro VJ, Afdhal N, Belle SH, Wahed AS, Hawke RL, Doo E, Meyers CM, Reddy KR; Silymarin in NASH and C Hepatitis (SyNCH) Study Group., "Effect of silymarin (milk thistle) on liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C unsuccessfully treated with interferon therapy: a randomized controlled trial.," JAMA. 2012 Jul 18;308(3):274-82. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.8265.
98. Torres M, Rodríguez-Serrano F, Rosario DJ, Rodríguez-Perez F, Toro DH., "Does Silybum marianum play a role in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C?," P R Health Sci J. 2004 Jun;23(2 Suppl):69-74.
99. Gordon A, Hobbs DA, Bowden DS, Bailey MJ, Mitchell J, Francis AJ, Roberts SK., "Effects of Silybum marianum on serum hepatitis C virus RNA, alanine aminotransferase levels and well-being in patients with chronic hepatitis C.," J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jan;21(1 Pt 2):275-80.
100. Tanamly MD, Tadros F, Labeeb S, Makld H, Shehata M, Mikhail N, Abdel-Hamid M, Shehata M, Abu-Baki L, Medhat A, Magder LS, Afdhal NH, Strickland GT., "Randomised double-blinded trial evaluating silymarin for chronic hepatitis C in an Egyptian village: study description and 12-month results.," Dig Liver Dis. 2004 Nov;36(11):752-9.
101. Kalantari H, Shahshahan Z, Hejazi SM, Ghafghazi T, Sebghatolahi V., "Effects of silybum marianum on patients with chronic hepatitis C.," J Res Med Sci. 2011 Mar;16(3):287-90.
102. Melhem A, Stern M, Shibolet O, Israeli E, Ackerman Z, Pappo O, Hemed N, Rowe M, Ohana H, Zabrecky G, Cohen R, Ilan Y., "Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection via antioxidants: results of a phase I clinical trial.," J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep;39(8):737-42.
103. Iten F, Brignoli R, Meier R, Reichling J, Saller R: , "Silymarin bei der Behandlung von Lebererkrankungen. Eine alte Arzneipflanze in der modernen Medizin. ," Phytotherapie 2003;1:18–24.
104. Madrigal-Santillán E, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, Sumaya-Martínez MT, Gutiérrez-Salinas J, Bautista M, Morales-González Á, García-Luna y González-Rubio M, Aguilar-Faisal JL, Morales-González JA., "Review of natural products with hepatoprotective effects.," World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Oct 28;20(40):14787-804.
105. Pradhan SC, Girish C. (2006) , Hepatoprotective herbal drug, silymarin from experimental pharmacology to clinical medicine.., The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 124, 491-504.
106. Abou Zid S., Silymarin, Natural Flavonolignans from Milk Thistle.., In: Venketeshwer R, editor. Phytochemicals-A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health. Rijeka: Croatia InTech; 2012. pp. 255–272.
107. Milić N, Milosević N, Suvajdzić L, Zarkov M, Abenavoli L. , New therapeutic potentials of milk thistle (Silybum marianum)., Nat Prod Commun. 2013 Dec;8(12):1801-10..
108. Ebrahimpour Koujan S, Gargari BP, Mobasseri M, Valizadeh H, Asghari-Jafarabadi M., "Effects of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) extract supplementation on antioxidant status and hs-CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.," Phytomedicine. 2015 Feb 15;22(2):290-6..
109. Kazazis CE, Evangelopoulos AA, Kollas A, Vallianou NG. , "The therapeutic potential of milk thistle in diabetes. ," Rev Diabet Stud. 2014 Summer;11(2):167-74..
110. Bahmani M, Mirhoseini M, Shirzad H, Sedighi M, Shahinfard N, Rafieian-Kopaei M., "A review on promising natural agents effective on hyperlipidemia.," J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015 Jul;20(3):228-38.
111. Milosević N, Milanović M, Abenavoli L, Milić N1., "Phytotherapy and NAFLD--from goals and challenges to clinical practice.," Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2014;9(3):195-203.
112. Somogyi A, Ecsedi GG, Blazovics A, Miskolczi K, Gergely P, Feher J. , "Short term treatment of type II hyperlipoproteinaemia with silymarin. ," Acta Med Hung 1989; 46:289-95.
113. Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Maffioli P. , "The role of a fixed Berberis aristata/Silybum marianum combination in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. ," Clin Nutr. 2015 Sep 2.
114. Derosa G, Romano D, D'Angelo A, Maffioli P. , "Berberis aristata combined with Silybum marianum on lipid profile in patients not tolerating statins at high doses. ," Atherosclerosis. 2015 Mar;239(1):87-92..
115. Derosa G, Bonaventura A, Bianchi L, Romano D, D' Angelo A, Fogari E, Maffioli P., "Effects of Berberis aristata/Silybum marianum association on metabolic parameters and adipocytokines in overweight dyslipidemic patients.," J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2013 Jul-Sep;27(3):717-28.
116. Patti AM, Al-Rasadi K, Katsiki N, Banerjee Y, Nikolic D, Vanella L, Giglio RV, Giannone VA, Montalto G, Rizzo M., "Effect of a Natural Supplement Containing Curcuma longa, Guggul, and Chlorogenic Acid in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome.," Angiology. 2015 Oct;66(9):856-61.
117. Colturato CP, Constantin RP, Maeda AS Jr, Constantin RP, Yamamoto NS, Bracht A, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Constantin J. (2012) , Metabolic effects of silibinin in the rat liver., Chemico-biological Interactions, 195, 119-132.
118. Detaille D, Sanchez C, Sanz N, Lopez-Novoa JM, Leverve X, El-MirMY. , Interrelation between the inhibition of glycolytic flux bysilibinin and the lowering of mitochondrial ROS productionin perifused rat hepatocytes.., Life Sci 2008;82(21–22):1070–6.
119. Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Atanasov AG, Malainer C, Noha SM, Kunert O, Schuster D, Heiss EH, Oberlies NH, Wagner H, Bauer R, Dirsch VM., Identification of isosilybin a from milk thistle seeds as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma., J Nat Prod. 2014 Apr 25;77(4):842-7.
120. Zhan T, Digel M, Küch EM, Stremmel W, Füllekrug J., "Silybin and dehydrosilybin decrease glucose uptake by inhibiting GLUT proteins.," J Cell Biochem. 2011 Mar;112(3):849-59.
121. Stolf AM, Cardoso CC, Acco A. , Effects of Silymarin on Diabetes Mellitus Complications: A Review., Phytother Res. 2017 Mar;31(3):366-374..
122. Santos J, Mira LB, Freire AM, Azevedo M, Manso C., Placental aldose reductase inhibition by Silybin., Acta Med Port. 1984 Apr-May;5(4-5):115-7.
123. Zhang JQ, Mao XM, Zhou YP., Effects of silybin on red blood cell sorbitol and nerve conduction velocity in diabetic patients., Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1993 Dec;13(12):725-6, 708.
124. Sobolová L, Skottová N, Vecera R, Urbánek K., "Effect of silymarin and its polyphenolic fraction on cholesterol absorption in rats.," Pharmacol Res. 2006 Feb;53(2):104-12.
125. Crocenzi FA, Pellegrino JM, Sánchez Pozzi EJ, Mottino AD, Garay EA, Roma MG., "Effect of silymarin on biliary bile salt secretion in the rat.," Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Apr 15;59(8):1015-22.
126. Suh HJ, Cho SY, Kim EY, Choi HS., "Blockade of lipid accumulation by silibinin in adipocytes and zebrafish.," Chem Biol Interact. 2015 Feb 5;227:53-62.
127. Bosch-Barrera J, Sais E, Cañete N, Marruecos J, Cuyàs E, Izquierdo A, Porta R, Haro M, Brunet J, Pedraza S, Menendez JA. , "Response of brain metastasis from lung cancer patients to an oral nutraceutical product containing silibinin. ," Oncotarget. 2016 May 31;7(22):32006-14.
128. Elyasi S, Hosseini S, Niazi Moghadam MR, Aledavood SA, Karimi G., "Effect of Oral Silymarin Administration on Prevention of Radiotherapy Induced Mucositis: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.," Phytother Res. 2016 Nov;30(11):1879-1885.
129. Ladas EJ, Kroll DJ, Oberlies NH, Cheng B, Ndao DH, Rheingold SR, Kelly KM., "A randomized, controlled, double-blind, pilot study of milk thistle for the treatment of hepatotoxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).," Cancer. 2010 Jan 15;116(2):506-13.
130. Becker-Schiebe M, Mengs U, Schaefer M, Bulitta M, Hoffmann W., "Topical use of a silymarin-based preparation to prevent radiodermatitis : results of a prospective study in breast cancer patients.," Strahlenther Onkol. 2011 Aug;187(8):485-91.
131. Ramasamy K, Agarwal R., "Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin.," Cancer Lett. 2008 Oct 8;269(2):352-62.
132. Chung SY, Sung MK, Kim NH, Jang JO, Go EJ, Lee HJ., "Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by natural products in human breast cancer cells.," Arch Pharm Res. 2005 Jul;28(7):823-8.
133. Lee CK, Choi JS., "Effects of silibinin, inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein in vitro, on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel after oral and intravenous administration in rats.," Pharmacology. 2010;85(6):350-6.
134. Li C, Lee MY, Choi JS., "Effects of silybinin, CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibitor in vitro, on the bioavailability of loratadine in rats.," Pharmazie. 2010 Jul;65(7):510-4.
135. Pereira C, Barreira JC, Calhelha RC, Queiroz MJ, Barros L, Ferreira IC., "New insights into the effects of formulation type and compositional mixtures on the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of dietary supplements based-on hepatoprotective plants.," Food Funct. 2014 Sep;5(9):2052-60.
136. Snima KS, Arunkumar P, Jayakumar R, Lakshmanan VK., "Silymarin encapsulated poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles: a prospective candidate for prostate cancer therapy.," J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2014 Apr;10(4):559-70.
137. Zheng N, Liu L, Liu WW, Li F, Hayashi T, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T., "Crosstalk of ROS/RNS and autophagy in silibinin-induced apoptosis of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro.," Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2017 Feb;38(2):277-289.
138. Jiang K, Wang W, Jin X, Wang Z, Ji Z, Meng G., "Silibinin, a natural flavonoid, induces autophagy via ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of ATP involving BNIP3 in human MCF7 breast cancer cells.," Oncol Rep. 2015 Jun;33(6):2711-8.
139. Lovelace ES, Wagoner J, MacDonald J, Bammler T, Bruckner J, Brownell J, Beyer RP, Zink EM, Kim YM, Kyle JE, Webb-Robertson BJ, Waters KM, Metz TO, Farin F, Oberlies NH, Polyak SJ., "Silymarin Suppresses Cellular Inflammation By Inducing Reparative Stress Signaling.," J Nat Prod. 2015 Aug 28;78(8):1990-2000..
140. Kohno H, Tanaka T, Kawabata K, Hirose Y, Sugie S, Tsuda H, Mori H., "Silymarin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic antioxidant flavonoid, inhibits azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats.," Int J Cancer. 2002 Oct 10;101(5):461-8.
141. Kim DH, Jin YH, Park JB, Kobashi K., "Silymarin and its components are inhibitors of beta-glucuronidase.," Biol Pharm Bull. 1994 Mar;17(3):443-5.
142. Cheung CW, Gibbons N, Johnson DW, Nicol DL., "Silibinin--a promising new treatment for cancer.," Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2010 Mar;10(3):186-95.
143. Ramasamy K, Agarwal R., "Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin.," Cancer Lett. 2008 Oct 8;269(2):352-62.
144. Neha, Jaggi AS, Singh N., "Silymarin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases.," Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;929:25-44.
145. Liao CY, Lee CC, Tsai CC, Hsueh CW, Wang CC, Chen IH, Tsai MK, Liu MY, Hsieh AT, Su KJ, Wu HM, Huang SC, Wang YC, Wang CY, Huang SF, Yeh YC, Ben RJ, Chien ST, Hsu CW, Kuo WH., "Novel Investigations of Flavonoids as Chemopreventive Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.," Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:840542.
146. Gioti K, Tenta R., "Bioactive natural products against prostate cancer: mechanism of action and autophagic/apoptotic molecular pathways.," Planta Med. 2015 May;81(7):543-62.
147. Kim S, Han J, Kim JS, Kim JH, Choe JH, Yang JH, Nam SJ, Lee JE., "Silibinin suppresses EGFR ligand-induced CD44 expression through inhibition of EGFR activity in breast cancer cells.," Anticancer Res. 2011 Nov;31(11):3767-73.
148. Singh RP, Agarwal R (2004) , "Prostate cancer prevention by silibinin.," Curr Cancer Drug.
149. Thelen, P.; Jarry, H.; Ringert, R.H.; Wuttke, W. , "Silibinin downregulates prostate epithelium-derived Ets transcription factor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. ," Planta Med., 2004, 70(5), 397-400.
150. Kauntz H, Bousserouel S, Gossé F, Raul F., "The flavonolignan silibinin potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma and in derived TRAIL-resistant metastatic cells.," Apoptosis. 2012 Aug;17(8):797-809.
151. Son YG, Kim EH, Kim JY, Kim SU, Kwon TK, Yoon AR, Yun CO, Choi KS., "Silibinin sensitizes human glioma cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via DR5 up-regulation and down-regulation of c-FLIP and survivin.," Cancer Res. 2007 Sep 1;67(17):8274-84.
152. Mallikarjuna, G.; Dhanalakshmi, S.; Singh, R.P.; Agarwal, C.;, "Silibinin protects against photocarcinogenesis via modulation of cell cycle regulators, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and Akt signalling.," Cancer Res., 2004, 64(17), 6349-6356..
153. Manna SK, Mukhopadhyay A, Van NT, Aggarwal BB., "Silymarin suppresses TNF-induced activation of NF-kappa B, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and apoptosis.," J Immunol. 1999 Dec 15;163(12):6800-9.
154. Lee, S.O.; Jeong, Y.J.; Im, H.G.; Kim, C.H.; Chang, Y.C.; Lee, I.S. , "Silibinin suppresses PMA-induced MMP-9 expression by blocking the AP-1 activation via MAPK signalling pathways in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. ," Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, 354(1), 165-171..
155. Tilley C, Deep G, Agarwal C, Wempe MF, Biedermann D, Valentová K, Kren V, Agarwal R., "Silibinin and its 2,3-dehydro-derivative inhibit basal cell carcinoma growth via suppression of mitogenic signaling and transcription factors activation.," Mol Carcinog. 2016 Jan;55(1):3-14..
156. Fan S, Qi M, Yu Y, Li L, Yao G, Tashiro S, Onodera S, Ikejima T., "P53 activation plays a crucial role in silibinin induced ROS generation via PUMA and JNK.," Free Radic Res. 2012 Mar;46(3):310-9..
157. Fan L, Ma Y, Liu Y, Zheng D, Huang G., "Silymarin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.," Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 Nov 15;743:79-88.
158. Thelen P, Wuttke W, Jarry H, Grzmil M, Ringert RH. , "Inhibition of telomerase activity and secretion of prostate specific antigen by silibinin in prostate cancer cells.," J Urol 2004; 171: 1934-1938.
159. Zhang S, Yang Y, Liang Z, Duan W, Yang J, Yan J, Wang N, Feng W, Ding M, Nie Y, Jin Z., "Silybin-mediated inhibition of Notch signaling exerts antitumor activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.," PLoS One. 2013 Dec 27;8(12):e83699..
160. Vaid M, Prasad R, Sun Q, Katiyar SK., "Silymarin targets β-catenin signaling in blocking migration/invasion of human melanoma cells.," PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e23000.
161. Eo HJ, Park GH, Jeong JB., "Inhibition of Wnt Signaling by Silymarin in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells.," Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2016 Jul 1;24(4):380-6.
162. Atawia RT, Mosli HH, Tadros MG, Khalifa AE, Mosli HA, Abdel-Naim AB., "Modulatory effect of silymarin on inflammatory mediators in experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasia: emphasis on PTEN, HIF-1α, and NF-κB.," Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2014 Dec;387(12):1131-40.
163. McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F., "Practical strategies for suppressing hypoxia-inducible factor activity in cancer therapy.," Med Hypotheses. 2010 May;74(5):789-97.
164. Surai, PF. , Silymarin as a natural antioxidant: an overview ofthe current evidence and perspectives.., Antioxidants.2015;4:204–247..
165. Esmaeil N, Anaraki SB, Gharagozloo M, Moayedi B., "Silymarin impacts on immune system as an immunomodulator: One key for many locks.," Int Immunopharmacol. 2017 Sep;50:194-201.
166. Rácz K, Fehér J, Csomós G, Varga I, Kiss R, Gláz E., "An antioxidant drug, silibinin, modulates steroid secretion in human pathological adrenocortical cells.," J Endocrinol. 1990 Feb;124(2):341-5.
167. Hussain SA, Jassim NA, Numan IT, Al-Khalifa II, Abdullah TA. , "Anti-inflammatory activity of silymarin in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A comparative study with piroxicam and meloxicam. ," Saudi Med J. 2009 Jan;30(1):98-103.
168. Shavandi M, Moini A, Shakiba Y, Mashkorinia A, Dehghani M, Asar S, Kiani A. , "Silymarin (Livergol®) Decreases Disease Activity Score in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Non-randomized Single-arm Clinical Trial. ," Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Apr;16(2):99-106.
169. Rastegarpanah M, Malekzadeh R, Vahedi H, Mohammadi M, Elahi E, Chaharmahali M, Safarnavadeh T, Abdollahi M., "A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of silymarin in ulcerative colitis.," Chin J Integr Med. 2015 Dec;21(12):902-6.
170. Bakhshaee M, Jabbari F, Hoseini S, Farid R, Sadeghian MH, Rajati M, Mohamadpoor AH, Movahhed R, Zamani MA. , "Effect of silymarin in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.," Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2011;145:904-9.
171. Johnson VJ, He Q, Osuchowski MF, Sharma RP., "Physiological responses of a natural antioxidant flavonoid mixture, silymarin, in BALB/c mice: III. Silymarin inhibits T-lymphocyte function at low doses but stimulates inflammatory processes at high doses.," Planta Med. 2003 Jan;69(1):44-9.
172. Johnson VJ, Osuchowski MF, He Q, Sharma RP., "Physiological responses to a natural antioxidant flavonoid mixture, silymarin, in BALB/c mice: II. alterations in thymic differentiation correlate with changes in c-myc gene expression.," Planta Med. 2002 Nov;68(11):961-5.
173. Wilasrusmee C, Kittur S, Shah G, Siddiqui J, Bruch D, Wilasrusmee S, Kittur DS., "Immunostimulatory effect of Silybum Marianum (milk thistle) extract.," Med Sci Monit. 2002 Nov;8(11):BR439-43.
174. Min K, Yoon WK, Kim SK, Kim BH., Immunosuppressive effect of silibinin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis., Arch Pharm Res. 2007 Oct;30(10):1265-72.
175. Lee JS, Kim SG, Kim HK, Lee TH, Jeong YI, Lee CM, Yoon MS, Na YJ, Suh DS, Park NC, Choi IH, Kim GY, Choi YH, Chung HY, Park YM., Silibinin polarizes Th1/Th2 immune responses through the inhibition of immunostimulatory function of dendritic cells., J Cell Physiol. 2007 Feb;210(2):385-97.
176. Gharagozloo M, Jafari S, Esmaeil N, Javid EN, Bagherpour B, Rezaei A., "Immunosuppressive effect of silymarin on mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway: the impact on T cell proliferation and cytokine production.," Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013 Sep;113(3):209-14.
177. Kuo FH, Jan TR., "Silibinin attenuates antigen-specific IgE production through the modulation of Th1/Th2 balance in ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice.," Phytomedicine. 2009 Mar;16(2-3):271-6.
178. Gupta OP, Sing S, Bani S, Sharma N, Malhotra S, Gupta BD, Banerjee SK, Handa SS. , "Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of silymarin acting through inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase.," Phytomedicine. 2000 Mar;7(1):21-4.
179. Varshosaz J, Minaiyan M, Khaleghi N., Eudragit nanoparticles loaded with silybin: a detailed study of preparation, freeze-drying condition and in vitro/in vivo evaluation., J Microencapsul. 2015;32(3):211-23..
180. Choi YH, Jin GY, Guo HS, Piao HM, Li Lc, Li GZ, Lin ZH, Yan GH., "Silibinin attenuates allergic airway inflammation in mice.," Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Oct 26;427(3):450-5..
181. Dehmlow C, Erhard J, de Groot H., "Inhibition of Kupffer cell functions as an explanation for the hepatoprotective properties of silibinin.," Hepatology. 1996 Apr;23(4):749-54.
182. Kang JS, Jeon YJ, Park SK, Yang KH, Kim HM. (2004) , "Protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and inhibition of interleukin-1β and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by silymarin. ," Biochemical Pharmacology, 67, 175–181.
183. Toklu HZ, Tunali Akbay T, Velioglu-Ogunc A, Ercan F, Gedik N, Keyer-Uysal M, Sener G. (2008) , "Silymarin, the antioxidant component of Silybum marianum, prevents sepsis-induced acute lung and brain injury.," The Journal of Surgical Research, 145, 214-222.
184. Moayedi B, Gharagozloo M, Esmaeil N, Maracy MR, Hoorfar H, Jalaeikar M. , "A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of therapeutic effects of silymarin in β-thalassemia major patients receiving desferrioxamine. ," Eur J Haematol. 2013 Mar;90(3):202-9.
185. Gharagozloo M, Moayedi B, Zakerinia M, Hamidi M, Karimi M, Maracy M, Amirghofran Z. , "Combined therapy of silymarin and desferrioxamine in patients with beta-thalassemia major: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. ," Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;23(3): 359-65.
186. Gharagozloo M, Karimi M, Amirghofran Z., "Immunomodulatory effects of silymarin in patients with β-thalassemia major.," Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Jun;16(2):243-7..
187. Hagag AA, Elfaragy MS, Elrifaey SM, Abd El-Lateef AE., "Therapeutic value of combined therapy with deferiprone and silymarin as iron chelators in Egyptian children with beta thalassemia major.," Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2015;15(3):189-95.
188. Hutchinson C, Bomford A, Geissler CA. , "The iron-chelating potential of silybin in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. ," Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Oct; 64(10):1239-41..
189. Darvishi Khezri H, Salehifar E, Kosaryan M, Aliasgharian A, Jalali H, Hadian Amree A., "Potential Effects of Silymarin and Its Flavonolignan Components in Patients with β-Thalassemia Major: A Comprehensive Review in 2015.," Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2016;2016:3046373..
190. de Font-Reaulx, Rojas E. and Dorazco-Barragan, G. , "Clinical stabilisation in neurodegenerative diseases: clinical study in phase II. ," Rev. Neurol. 5-1-2010;50(9):520-528.
191. Sayyah M, Boostani H, Pakseresht S, Malayeri A. , "Comparison of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. with fluoxetine in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. ," Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Mar 17;34(2):362-5.
192. Nabavi SM, Sureda A, Nabavi SF, Latifi AM, Moghaddam AH, Hellio C. (2012), Neuroprotective effects of silymarin on sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress.., Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 142, 79-82.
193. Tsai MJ, Liao JF, Lin DY, Huang MC, Liou DY, Yang HC, Lee HJ, Chen YT, Chi CW, Huang WC, Cheng H., Silymarin protects spinal cord and cortical cells against oxidative stress and lipopolysaccharide stimulation., Neurochem Int. 2010 Dec;57(8):867-75..
194. Nencini C, Giorgi G, Micheli L., Protective effect of silymarin on oxidative stress in rat brain., Phytomedicine. 2007 Feb;14(2-3):129-35.
195. Velmurugan K, Alam J, McCord JM, Pugazhenthi S., Synergistic induction of heme oxygenase-1 by the components of the antioxidant supplement Protandim., Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Feb 1;46(3):430-40..
196. Wang C, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Dong L, Xing Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Chen L, Qiao H, Wang L, Zhu C., Protection by silibinin against experimental ischemic stroke: up-regulated pAkt, pmTOR, HIF-1α and Bcl-2, down-regulated Bax, NF-κB expression., Neurosci Lett. 2012 Oct 31;529(1):45-50.
197. Kim MH, Kim SH, Yang WM. , "Mechanisms of action of phytochemicals from medicinal herbs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. ," Planta Med. 2014 Oct;80(15):1249-58.
198. Pérez-H J, Carrillo-S C, García E, Ruiz-Mar G, Pérez-Tamayo R, Chavarría A., Neuroprotective effect of silymarin in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease., Toxicology. 2014 May 7;319:38-43.
199. Lee Y, Chun HJ, Lee KM, Jung YS, Lee J., Silibinin suppresses astroglial activation in a mouse model of acute Parkinson's disease by modulating the ERK and JNK signaling pathways., Brain Res. 2015 Nov 19;1627:233-42.
200. Thakare VN, Aswar MK, Kulkarni YP, Patil RR, Patel BM., "Silymarin ameliorates experimentally induced depressive like behavior in rats: Involvement of hippocampal BDNF signaling, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress response.," Physiol Behav. 2017 Oct 1;179:401-410.
201. Kanlayavattanakul M, Lourith N., "An update on cutaneous aging treatment using herbs.," J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2015;17(6):343-52.
202. Jadoon S, Karim S, Bin Asad MH, Akram MR, Khan AK, Malik A, Chen C, Murtaza G., "Anti-Aging Potential of Phytoextract Loaded-Pharmaceutical Creams for Human Skin Cell Longetivity.," Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:709628..
203. Al-Anbari HH, Sahib AS, Raghif AR., "Effects of silymarin, N-acetylcysteine and selenium in the treatment of papulopustular acne," Oxid Antioxid Med Sci. 2012; 1(3): 201-207.
204. Singh RP, Agarwal R. (2009) , "Cosmeceuticals and silibinin. ," Clinics in Dermatology, 27, 479-484.
205. Toklu HZ, Tunali-Akbay T, Erkanli G, Yüksel M, Ercan F, Sener G. (2007), "Silymarin, the antioxidant component of Silybum marianum, protects against burn-induced oxidative skin injury.," Burns, 33, 908-916..
206. Moosavifar, N., Mohammadpour, A. H., Jallali, M., Karimiz, G., and Saberi, H. , "Evaluation of effect of silymarin on granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular development in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.," East Mediterr.Health J. 2010;16(6):642-645.
207. Vostalova J, Vidlar A, Ulrichova J, Vrbkova J, Simanek V, Student V., "Use of selenium-silymarin mix reduces lower urinary tract symptoms and prostate specific antigen in men. Phytomedicine.," 2013 Dec 15;21(1):75-81..
208. On Marc de la Lastra, C., Martin, M.J., Motilva, V., 2006. , Effects of naringenin and silymarin on urinary excretion of water and electrolytes in rats., Phytotherapy Research 5, 165-168..
209. Zhu W, Zhang JS, Young CY., "Silymarin inhibits function of the androgen receptor by reducing nuclear localization of the receptor in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP.," Carcinogenesis. 2001 Sep;22(9):1399-403.
210. Zi X, Zhang J, Agarwal R, Pollak M., "Silibinin up-regulates insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 expression and inhibits proliferation of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.," Cancer Res. 2000 Oct 15;60(20):5617-20.
211. El-Shitany NA, Hegazy S, El-Desoky K., "Evidences for antiosteoporotic and selective estrogen receptor modulator activity of silymarin compared with ethinylestradiol in ovariectomized rats.," Phytomedicine. 2010 Feb;17(2):116-25.
212. Seidlová-Wuttke T, Becker V, Christoffel H, Jarry W, Wuttke D. (2003) , "Silymarin is a selective estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonist and has estrogenic effects in the metaphysis of the femur but no or antiestrogenic effects in the uterus of ovariectomized (ovx) rats. ," Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 86, 179–188.
213. Kavitha C. V., Deep G., Gangar S. C., Jain A. K., Agarwal C., Agarwal R. , "Silibinin inhibits prostate cancer cells-and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by targeting NFATc1, NF-κB, and AP-1 activation in RAW264.7 cells," Molecular Carcinogenesis. 2014;53(3):169–180.
214. Ying X., Sun L., Chen X., et al. , "Silibinin promotes osteoblast differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells via bone morphogenetic protein signaling. ," European Journal of Pharmacology. 2013;721(1–3):225–230.
215. Kim J.-L., Park S.-H., Jeong D., Nam J.-S., Kang Y.-H. , "Osteogenic activity of silymarin through enhancement of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in osteoblasts and tibia-fractured mice. ," Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2012;237(4):417–428..
216. Sonnenbichler J, Scalera F, Sonnenbichler I, Weyhenmeyer R. , "Stimulatory effects of silibinin and silicristin from the milk thistle Silybum marianum on kidney cells.," J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;290:1375-83.
217. Anestopoulos I, Kavo A, Tentes I, Kortsaris A, Panayiotidis M, Lazou A, Pappa A. (2013) , "Silibinin protects H9c2 cardiac cells from oxidative stress and inhibits phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy: potential mechanisms. ," The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 24, 586-694.
218. Skottova N, Krecman V., "Silymarin as a potential hypocholesterolaemic drug.," Physiol Res 1998; 47:1-7.
219. Onaolapo OJ, Adekola MA, Azeez TO, Salami K, Onaolapo AY., "l-Methionine and silymarin: A comparison of prophylactic protective capabilities in acetaminophen-induced injuries of the liver, kidney and cerebral cortex.," Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Jan;85:323-333.
220. Reddy MK, Reddy AG, Kumar BK, Madhuri D, Boobalan G, Reddy MA., "Protective effect of rutin in comparison to silymarin against induced hepatotoxicity in rats.," Vet World. 2017 Jan;10(1):74-80.
221. Mourelle M, Favari L, Amezcua JL., "Protection against thallium hepatotoxicity by silymarin.," J Appl Toxicol. 1988 Oct;8(5):351-4.
222. Siegers CP, Frühling A, Younes M., "Influence of dithiocarb, (+)-catechin and silybine on halothane hepatotoxicity in the hypoxic rat model.," Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1983 Aug;53(2):125-9.
223. Testino G, Leone S, Ansaldi F, Borro P., "Silymarin and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe): two promising pharmacological agents in case of chronic alcoholic hepathopathy. A review and a point of view.," Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2013 Dec;59(4):341-56.
224. González LT, Minsky NW, Espinosa LE, Aranda RS, Meseguer JP, Pérez PC., "In vitro assessment of hepatoprotective agents against damage induced by acetaminophen and CCl4.," BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Jan 13;17(1):39..
225. Schümann J, Prockl J, Kiemer AK, Vollmar AM, Bang R, Tiegs G., "Silibinin protects mice from T cell-dependent liver injury.," J Hepatol. 2003 Sep;39(3):333-40.
226. Gharagozloo M, Velardi E, Bruscoli S, Agostini M, Di Sante M, Donato V, Amirghofran Z, Riccardi C, "Silymarin suppress CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation: effects on NF-kappaB activity and IL-2 production.," Pharmacol Res. 2010 May; 61(5):405-9.
227. Gharagozloo M, Javid EN, Rezaei A, Mousavizadeh K, "Silymarin inhibits cell cycle progression and mTOR activity in activated human T cells: therapeutic implications for autoimmune diseases.," Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013 Apr; 112(4):251-6.
228. Zhao J, Agarwal R., "Tissue distribution of silibinin, the major active constituent of silymarin, in mice and its association with enhancement of phase II enzymes: implications in cancer chemoprevention.," Carcinogenesis. 1999 Nov;20(11):2101-8.
229. Surai, PF., "Silymarin as a natural antioxidant: an overview ofthe current evidence and perspectives.," Antioxidants.2015;4:204–247.
230. Momeni A, Hajigholami A, Geshnizjani S, Kheiri S. Effect of Silymarin in the Prevention of Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity, a Clinical Trial Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:OC11-3.
231. Shahbazi G, Sadighi S, Dashti-Khavidaki S, et al. Effect of silymarin administration on cisplatin nephrotoxicity: report from a pilot, randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2015;29:1046-53.
232. Wah Kheong C, Nik Mustapha NR, Mahadeva S. A Randomized Trial of Silymarin for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Dec;15(12):1940-1949.e8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28419855
233. Ebrahimpour-Koujan S, Gargari BP, Mobasseri M, et al.,Lower glycemic indices and lipid profile among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who received novel dose of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) extract supplement: A Triple-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2018 May 15;44:39-44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29895491
234. Goey AK, Mooiman KD, Beijnen JH, et al., Relevance of in vitro and clinical data for predicting CYP3A4-mediated herb-drug interactions in cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rev. 2013 Nov;39(7):773-83. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23394826
235. Fasinu PS, Gurley BJ, Walker LA. Clinically Relevant Pharmacokinetic Herb-drug Interactions in Antiretroviral Therapy. Curr Drug Metab. 2015;17(1):52-64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526838
236. DiCenzo, R.; Shelton, M.; Jordan, K.; Koval, C.; Forrest, A.; Reichman, R.; Morse, G. Coadministration of milk thistle and indinavir in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy, 2003, 23, 866-870. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12885100
237. Stolbach A, Paziana K, Heverling H, Pham P. A Review of the Toxicity of HIV Medications II: Interactions with Drugs and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Products. J Med Toxicol. 2015 Sep;11(3):326-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26036354
238. Moltó J, Valle M, Miranda C, Cedeño S, Negredo E, Clotet B. Effect of milk thistle on the pharmacokinetics of darunavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Jun; 56(6):2837-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430963
239. Tajmohammadi A, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and its main constituent, silymarin, as a potential therapeutic plant in metabolic syndrome: A review. Phytother Res. 2018 Oct;32(10):1933-1949. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30015401